Ck3 holder of this holding. Added a Ruler Designer where you can customize the ruler you’ll start with before the game starts. Ck3 holder of this holding

 
 Added a Ruler Designer where you can customize the ruler you’ll start with before the game startsCk3 holder of this holding  culture = scope:holder

I think it is correct to say "realm". You are a feudal lord, so you need to hold a castle. These kinds of events are the reason why CK3 is utterly immersion breaking. The other big thing is that you can hold Thrace and probably another super good Duchy (or flexibly hold counties to do things with), because it's just 3 counties. CK3 - Loading picture with women and chess - literaly unplayable!If you’re going lay clergy, the best strategy is “don’t do that, lay clergy is a trap” and the second-best is to spam cities because now that your temples are just regular feudal holdings with crappy tax rates and ornery titleholders, cities produce the most taxes and have the easiest-to-manage holders. Vassal 1 = Early and Baron of Area B. I kind of got the feeling that's how they had done it. spiritual heads means that the head of faith does not hold land on the behalf of a dynasty so their allegiance is to the faith not the family. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: The Reckoning Imperator:. It. ago. Since you mentioned giving money to the pope an example would be: effect = { title:k_papal_state = { holder = { add_gold = 5000 }} Just replace the the "5000" with however much gold you. A leased holding is still considered part of its holder's realm, but provides levies and taxes to its lessee instead, and does not count towards the domain limit of either of them. Crusader Kings III is our newest generation of beloved medieval role-playing grand strategy game. There is a button that can replace what kind of. Crusader Kings 3 Holdings Guide 01 September 2020 | By Matthew Ralphson The Building and development of your Holdings is simpler than in CK2, while offering a lot more depth and many more. Le mod est une alpha d'une traduction française du mod "CK3 A Game of Thrones" il va vous faciliter votre compréhension du gameplay pour mes amis qui ne sont pas anglais(et oui j'ai pensé a vous mes amis francophones). A title is essentially a certificate of land ownership, decreeing which characters own a certain place or a certain organization (e. Same as cities, and baronies, MAA and realm effects go to the burghers, barons or counts who directly control them. But nothing can be built there. Actually, that is how the game maybe should work but does not work like that all the time. Don't know. . I just assumed it was a replication of a United Kingdom type situation where they technically had the stronger armies but not legitimacy needed to hold onto it. Making me feel the extra barony is more valuable. Being Temporal HoF has some. kluglater • 3 yr. They're there to make the difference between a county that has one possible holding, and one that has 7 possible holdings, without tying the number of holdings directly to development, such that a full development county with 1 holding will be less productive than a full development county with 7 of them. 1. You are a feudal lord, so you need to hold a castle. Shiny49. Some mines give less gold but more dev, and one trades off econ for a significant levy size boost. Duchies are the second-highest level of feudal titles in CK3, and they can be held by characters of any rank. Assign what buildings are available for this holding type: buildings = { palisades_01 war_camps_01 longhouses_01 market_villages_01} flag: string: Optional flags that are assigned to the holding type: flag. Only the holder of a holding can cancel construction now. This page was last edited on 9 September 2020, at 14:21. Based on this, it is best to focus on upgrading building s in holdings where. Who can Raid & Trade?. What this post tries to contribute is less so the framework of oligarchy, but how it can then be integrated into the larger game of CK3 - a game of holding titles and accumulating renown. ) 805-611-001: Consists of one 4 ¾” adjustable pivot arm with two 1. So castles and temples (if I am in a religion that allows that). It's obviously an intentional choice, because you can blow up and replace upgrades inside holdings, so adding a line or two of code to convert that ability to also affect the holding itself wouldn't be hard. If you give it to a vasall you will get at least 45/50% or more percent of the base income. Temples give pretty good levies and money, so if you want a lot of income build those (if you can. It is not worth it. But even if things go wrong -- if you have a bad Gravelkind or something -- you always hold Constantinople. There are three types of holdings: Baronies: Focus on troops. I am not used to playing as a vassal and would love some advice. One of the fun parts of CivIII was taking an enemy civ that had caused you massive trouble and literally sending them back to the stone age as. CK3 HoldingsDo building bonuses stack? CK3. If you're looking to help maximize your Domains then ensure that you have max Control, and you're building up your Development. Each is a tile on the map, and each can support three (sometimes more) buildings and a holding. Church holdings are taxes paid to you from the holder’s realm priest, who leases out any holding in your domain. ago. at war. The files for every existing dejure kingdom can be found at game/history/titles. Here’s our Crusader Kings III: Royal Court guide to help you with Court Positions. Holdings are of different types e. This mod allows you to convert holdings to other holding types. Controlling the duchy gives you the extra building and controlling all the counties avoids the vassal penalty. you can though excommunicate with a temporal head of faith as the excommunication just. Went for a de jure war, holding my objectives but I don't seem to be getting credit for it, and at this point I'm at -35% held objectives even though those counties are being counted in my War Score from Occupied Holdings which is 110%. The CK3 wiki says we can, but testing it for some reason the. If there is a castle holding in the county, you need to be the holder of that title. The option then appears when you select the county capital. I was playing as a tribal government in Africa, with the earliest 800's start . 2 added the Slovien and Sardinian cultures, and the Qarmatian heresy, and of course CK3 has way more faiths than CK2 anyway. To honor his memory please continue his legacy and please credit him, from his sister. txt) as well as simply looking at the special buildings ingame. A guide to playing a Norse Viking, starting from 867. I am playing as Robert 'the Fox' of Apulia, and I have just created the Kingdom of Sicily. if the county doesn't already have a castle, temple, and city you can't build a second castle. It takes me out of the game a bit when the flags never change. If a character holds more than 2 Duchy titles while they are a King or Emperor, they. As holy sites change rulers and faiths, they become places of veneration to new faiths, and alienated from their old controllers. Forums. Jul 2, 2020. For that reason, they will have an opinion malus against the holder of that duchy, which in this case is you. In particular, your county control and development are vital for the output of both gold and levies, so it's well worth improving them where you can. Level 2 buildings cost 250 Gold. shastar2005. I think it would add a lot of flavours and also making the choice of your personal champion/body guard important. There are ancient Chinese tales of assassinations on the Qin Emperor during court. Use the temple holdings to stay at. Struggle. any_mercenary_band = { # This limits the scope to a mercenary company which has the title name "d_new_merc". City mayors are probably the characters that are best of all in the entire game at increasing their income (except for the player, of course). g. Although in this case, without checking the terrain, it looks like Inverness is. Its a bit of an oversight that you cant also fight against the holder of the castle holding in that province and take that as well. Dukes and Duchesses have more power than Counts and Countesses. 0,. mod' (so, altered_titles. It is much worse to invest in vassals buildings in CK3 compared to CK2. The only way a title can get destroyed on inheritance is via a bug that last I heard was fixed but has recurred a couple of times, specifically that an heir gets a landless (duke+) title. The description on most military buildings says 'holder of this holding' above the bonuses to troop strength which is deliberately separated from the more generic bonuses to gold. Modding title history means to make changes about the holder history of landed titles and it's affiliation to a specific liege. Though some people reported that it didn't work for them. Holding Manager Mini. The nomadic holding seems to try to force the county owner to have that holding as both, the rulers capital and the county's capital. Upgrading a tribal holding requires 200 gold and 400 prestige. Level 1 buildings cost 150 Gold. It's bugged - I think the popup swaps the guardian and ward spots or something. ago. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter:. This is a good guide for beginners, as the Norse are one of the easiest cultures in CK3. So here's a look at the county of Venezia: Image 2. Hindu characters will suffer opinion penalties if they have. holder=root" but that too didn't appear to change anything when I booted up the game after changing things. Unless they also remove the mandatory minimum of one of each holding I doubt this will come into play all that often. Depending on the title and culture of the character holding the title, the title name can be changed. Realm bonuses are given to the direct holder not the top liege. A title holder becomes landless also has all landless (duke+) titles destroyed, but will usurp from a same government type vassal if possible to prevent this. War score is a measure of which side is winning a war. Doing so nets you an opinion bonus, as well as several buffs for your character, realm, and grandeur. They are also able to iterate through lists. 0 unless otherwise noted. you can have the city raided, which gives it a 5% chance of being razed. . In CK3 it seems to me that you get full levies and taxes for almost any type of holding? I went into a county with a castle as a main holding and a temple as a secondary holding, which I both held myself. Your religion is an Organized Faith. Upgrading a tribal holding requires 200 gold and 400 prestige. I didn't hold the university myself though, so I had to choose the guy that originally popped up in the decision as the guardian (the holder of the county with the university I believe). I want to take Rome for the collussium but I wont be able to hold it and utilize the collussium? #2. If you try to change your capital province while holding nomadic holding as a non-nomad, it. In my case, I right click on CK3 shortcut, choose Property, then add "-debug_mode" at the end of Target in Shortcut tab (for example: "E:\Crusader Kings III\binaries\ck3. Cities can be held only by republican rulers you won't be able to hold them directly. Though I guess it might be useful for 2 holding counties. Or, as a tribal ruler, expand your capital's holdings to grow your levies. Not to mention that holding the wrong holding type means you are responsible for uphgrading. Well, after three campaigns i seem to know how to make money, but idk if military bonuses stacks and i think this could be critical for the success of military campaigns, more when my preferred realm rn is hermenexildo (Galice, very small) Vote. Hoping in here to try to help— holding the duchy title (what you have all 4 of) counts toward the penalty. Effects, also known as commands, are used in scripting to alter the target that was selected via scopes and conditions. All have the same holding management features. . Best. ago. Feudal and Clan rulers can turn them into Castle holdings at the cost of 500 gold; Constructing a Temple holding will raise Fervor by 1 and grant its county title holder 500 Piety regardless of which ruler funded it. You'll always hold the Earldom on your capital, and since you can hold two Dukedoms as King you could also hold the county the capital is based in if you wanted. Last edited by Nea's Nose ; Mar 17, 2021 @ 8:18pm. CK3: How do you get a family member back to court when they are leasing holding from another Liege?. If you gain the ability to control a city yourself, that would count as a holding. The opposite phenomenon, meaning the ruler switching culture (which would already be more realistic) happens very rarely. 2) (Haven't verified but it's how it worked in CK 2) To build a holding type that is already present in the county the county must already have at least one of each holding type present. No you cant destroy it, maybe with mods. In CK3 it seems to me that you get full levies and taxes for almost any type of holding? I went into a county with a castle as a main holding and a temple as a secondary holding, which I both held myself. to build a tradeport in a city. You can switch from Tribal to Feudal in CK3 by entering the decisions menu and meeting the following requirements at any time: You have the Law Absolute Tribal Authority. If you also hold lower titles it'll cause problems (Dukes will moan if they don't have full control of their duchy). Which makes it impossible to grant a county to a baron-rank temple holder. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac…Thanks to fellow CTP member Necro and the CK3 Modding Co-op discord for helping us find out how some things work. This Holding - Only impacts the specific holding (and the Direct Owner) This County - Impacts all baronies in the holding (Regardless of the owner) This Realm - Effects all holdings owned by the Barony’s Direct Holder. CK3 Wiki Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: The Reckoning. The kingdom of pagan also has 2 buddhist holy sites and is nearby to Lumbini. 10. But for that there is the "holding too many duchy titles" modifier. secure_iberian_foothold_decision = { title = secure_iberian_foothold_decision_title. U, or ⇧Shift + Q: Duchy titles: Shows de jure duchies. Revoking a city is a mistake, because the mayor will. give bonuses to entire realm, in CK2 they used to give bonus even if county was being held by vassal, I've found out by experiment that this is not the case in CK3, to get effects from special building you need to personally own not only the county, but the barony. Hound pens. 19K subscribers in the ck3 community. Unless they removed that. Pay the cost of gold to convert it to a feudal castle type holding. 4, Duchy Buildings provide various boons. According to the tooltip, "allegiance to title" exists because the title has a succession rule added to it. Lemme try it out in Nice. If you go to the screen that shows the dejure/defacto holding of a duchy and click on the counties under it the camera will recentre on that county. Note that none of those effects are being applied to "you" aka the holder. At that point it should happen automatically. Especially if you have a special design in mind for a certain vassal: military autonomous march, tax farm republic/scuttage, pseudo personal union (kingdom titles within. Crusader Kings III. It will make more versatile land holding more viable. As their. Only holdings in the counties you personally are the holder of are eligible for conversion. Titles. The Basics Every county has at least one. Hello and welcome to Dev Diary 85 for Crusader Kings III! This is Areysak, Content Designer (some of you might remember me from Imperator). 3. 0 ‘Lance’ Update Notes ##### # Expansion Features ##### Grand Activities: Rulers can now host and participate in large-scale customizable Grand Activities on the map. As you gain more. When you create, the new order automatically get destroyed and the holding returns to you. It is one of the biggest bugs I have seen in the game so I hoped they would but the patch didn't address it. Aviaries. if one side has 25 War score, the other side will have -25 War score. Take time and read all the info on the. Depending on the title and culture of the character holding the title, the title name can be changed. Holy orders never seem to request to lease new baronies, they don't upgrade their holdings, the knights and monks all seem to flee the courts even after taking vows leaving permanent 2 knights usually and the grandmaster, etc. 9 comments. I am playing as Robert 'the Fox' of Apulia, and I have just created the Kingdom of Sicily. It is right next to the Claimants prompt. Look for the ID of the barony you want to change (you have to start the game in debug mode and then hover over the barony on the map and the ID is in purple) 8. The city I got problems was Pisa, not Siena. A different Baron, which is my vassal, holds this title. 5% of the Increase Development in County bonus, so: - [ ( +0. 2) Only keep the duchy title of the capital for yourself, and if you hold any counties outside of this duchy, its governing duchy title needs to be destroyed So for point 1, you need to periodically check the succession tab - under "lost titles", it should show each son beyond the firstborn getting exactly 1 duchy title. Crusader Kings 3 features a pretty strong game management system, which also includes buildings and realm holdings management. Go to ck3 r/ck3 • by. 3) Check warscreen and see you vassalise the current holder of the title and get a county from the de jure duchy from another guy 4) Enforce demands Result: - The 3 de jure vassals of the titleholder switch from the title holder to the guy above that - you get the one county from the other guyCrusader Kings 3 is a complex game, but Murchad's strong position and his possession of claims to multiple counties in Ireland help get a quick start. Havoc teaches you how to get more money in CK3!. ; About CK3 Wiki; Mobile view CK3 Building and Holding Guide This guide will cover a comprehensive strategy for selecting holdings, counties and buildings for Feudal lords in the 1. 2. vilkas622 Second Lieutenant. g. I'm new to CK3 script, looking trough these files diff vs 1. Tribal, Castle, Temple, City. Rulers of some government types can lease other rulers' holdings. This is really not making me interested in any more. You can change holding type = active debug mode + edit save file. ) Theocratic Vassals (Spiritual Life Version/Basically Catholics. Click on the title you want to view the history of and click the button of a book at the top rightish. The player is the only one who can consistently maintain a large domain, so a game rule that just reduces domain sizes for everyone might actually equalize things a bit. This guide was created using data available from the ingame files (00_special_buildings. Duchies: Unlocking Your Vassals’ Potential in CK3. CK3 Wiki Active Wikis. Tribal, Castle, Temple, City. I just picked up CK3 finally, after tons of playing CK2 I still enjoy what them made, but one thing got me all confused. This mod is a utility mod which allows to convert any of your existing holdings to what ever holding type you desire: Castle, City. While still allowing larger kingdoms to be formed by dukes because they need to hold a large number of duchies to form the kingdom. traviscalladine. Press ` or ~ again to close it (Shift-Alt-C doesn't seem to close the console). Once there, use the "Provider" dropdown to select "Landed Titles". When "Harald Hårfagre (ca 865-933)" did gather Norway to one kingdom. Add the ending ". Converting developed land is also useful for cultures that start holding primarily undeveloped land. Suppose 10 demesne limit (C) (though it shouldn't matter), and the holder has 15 holdings (H) because modifier stacking is super. Not sure exactly why. Here create a text file called whatever you want to name your mod (for example: altered_titles). In the Object Inspector window, expand "Script Runner" -> "Effect". 0 comments. In CK2, at least you got an opinion bonus for building in a vassal's holding. A bit lower, you can select to either change the name of the castle or select “Move the Realm. Sometimes, if a different culture holds a county for two-three generations, it completely shifts to the holder's culture. Cities: Focus on tax. Holding Manager Lite has less building management capabilities and is better to be used with other. There’s. However, I am also duchy of Calabria, in which I own the county of Rossana (with my holding). Consequences of Holding Too Many Duchies in CK3. *Yes of course you can hold as many duchies holding as you want, and ignore the liege holds de jure duchy stuff if you want and have. effect = { title:c_hallstatt. Bishoprics seem decent, but they're finicky depending on if your bishop likes you or not, and I still can't tell if the money I get from. Titles represent the land ownership and each place a character owns. I tried to understand how church holdings work with England 1066 start. Open the gamestate. CK3 Building and Holding Guide This guide will cover a comprehensive strategy for selecting holdings, counties and buildings for Feudal lords in the 1. For example, a level 1 hunting grounds provides cavalry bonuses. 0. You can find the txt file in C:Program Files (x86)SteamsteamappscommonCrusader Kings. From my understanding you have to directly control the proper county. It advises assigning vassals to manage them properly. Jump to latest Follow Reply. it make those ruler able to hold 2 type of holdings. g. Nice place. My ideal solution, really, would be to do away with the arbitrary city/castle/temple designation of holdings altogether, maybe having a slot for a ruling member of each estate for a singular holding instead. Then, you can enforce your demands and end the conflict. Edit: giving the county to the baron via the console will not keep the Prince-Bishop/Lord. Siena is a castle and had no problems with it. Just above we see a Castle 1 text which I suspect mean that the holding itself have a level and I suspect each level would unlock Another building. There are also plenty of logical paths to. In your tribal holdings, at the bottom near the buildings is a castle icon. Flavor pack features. He had a lot of sons that would ensure the kingdom did stay together. Court position expenses are monthly salaries paid to courtiers and vassals in a ruler's court who hold court positions. Not . Count is the lowest-ranked title a playable character can hold. As far as I can tell, there isn't one. Go over to the realm tab, the green crown on the upper right portion of the screen, open it to view your kingdom, and then hit the domain page. For example, a level 1 hunting grounds provides cavalry bonuses. 875. And by too many they mean 2. He is now king of the vast Indian empire and I am a mere holder of 3 kingdoms in India. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox. "However when I check my piety tooltip at top it only shows piety from. In your tribal holdings, at the bottom near the buildings is a castle icon. I found a very shitty workaround, where you create a new holy order on every single holding occupied by that holy order. You'll never get that holding back. i don't think you play a Catholic ruler in CK3. I don't think the Colloseum requires you to be Christian. Also it means that university gives 15 lifestyle point per year to the owner (and the owner alone) which seem to be a bit low, with this an university gives you one perk every. For a holding to be raidable,. You will only be able to land her again if your faith allows it, otherwise you could land her son or husband if you want her family to remain holders of the counties. If the scope of these bonuses is limited to the direct holder why not saying "domain effect", domain seem to refer to all land directly held by one character so it fits. You can only do this to your holdings which are feudal. A quick google search about the topic only had conversations from when the game first released, and I'm not sure they're accurate. You will have to pay the entire cost of 11,500 gold to convert an existing holding. StrangeNormally I go with any Dockyards I can build on my own castles along with whatever generates the most money (usually in the whole main Duchy, as long as you keep your succession clean you should be able to maintain all the holdings in a Duchy), then I start expanding the cities/chapels I own. Here's how to increase county control and development in Crusader. Fixed CK3's improper German and Russian localizations for rulers of principalities, changing from Prinz and Принц to Fürst and Князь. Example, churches have monastry buildings that give piety to realm. Click a holding to view the county holdings screen, with that holding selected. Tribe can also be upgraded to castle if it has hillfort lvl 4 or ( lvl 1 and holder has e_russian_empire) and the holder is of the same religion like the county that tribe is in and if the holder has any of the feudal governments. #1. Tarshaid Nov 17, 2020 @ 11:41am. As you can see, if your liege was non-Tribal with Limited Tribal Authority, you’d be able to convert to Feudal or Clan. Hey, playing with a norse tribe, i want to conquer europe, but i cannot change the feudal holdings to my tribal goverment type. Scotland and Wales (same situation as England in terms of bordering) already are de jure of Empire of Ireland, just England not. The holder of a duchy title is known as a Duke. I'd much rather see a single settlement be represented by a single holding, even more so with CK3's baronies-on-map decision. 2: Free Features. Only holdings in the counties you personally are the holder of are eligible for conversion. Yet Royal Court already feels like a perfect fit. Add a Comment. Všechny ochranné známky jsou vlastnictvím příslušných subjektů v USA a dalších zemích. Plus, holding more counties lets you have more temple/city vassals directly under you, which give a bit of extra gold and troops. I checked all tooltips I could find, but couldn't find any deductions for being a secular holder of a temple. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. You can see the progress on the discord. "contains tribal holding" warning when trying to construct new holdings (castles/temples/cities) Description When trying to construct a new holding in my realm (with the proper techs) there is a warning for the requirment "county of [insert county here] has a tribal holding" despite being feudal . No that doesnt work when they are not of your religion. What’s more, hunting grounds gives light cavalry bonuses to the holder of its holding. ( you can only construct 1. The holder of the barony receives all of the barony's domain tax. As holy sites change rulers and faiths, they become places of veneration to new faiths, and alienated from their old controllers. Search for the name of your county and then click on it. classteen 4 mo. Run debug mode when play game, it's easy, u can google if u dont know how. Each title has a rank, a unique coat of arms, and a color on map. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. Holding Manager Lite. 9 Tours and Tournaments - Added new buildings. I've started getting back into ck3 again after a break from when it first released. . I was looking over it the whole time. One area I’d be interested in seeing a feature is in-game ‘feuds/conflicts’ mechanics to help expand play options for counts and small-holding lords in game. The file contains the data for the kingdom, as well as all of it's dejure duchies and counties. Games. Give all the land and lords (under you) to the heir when you are close to dead. Holding Manager Holding Manager Lite Holding Manager Mini All have the same holding management features. If you still hold the claim use it and create a faction, vassals are suckers of joining factions they cant hold themselves from getting thier. churches, mercenaries, and holy orders). The encyclopedia and tooltip state that the piety must go to the lessor of the barony, which is the holder of the title, which is the direct liege of the bishop of the barony with the monastery building. 3. For that reason, they will have an opinion malus against the holder of that duchy, which in this case is you. And you can pay for one too, the decision comes up randomly, and the precondition is having level three prosperity in the county. The. Ck2 Holder Is Of Wrong Holding Type Install It Ágain. 11705, you can add holding slots to your capital up to the max of 7. The thing is though. There are already mechanics for destroying holdings, for raids. CK3. To start with, the basics are fairly simple. Many rulers especially in the more maritime part of the Mediterranean employed ships for supply lines, harass enemy shipping and put further pressure on besieged fortresses, transport invasion forces, or vice versa, forestall enemy power projection. In contrast to another mod that does this, this mod adds a set of buttons in the holding GUI. The sub religion of Ari also does not have the pacifism tenet like the other buddhist religions. The maximum penalty is 87. You need to pay attention when you declare war, over whose claims you do it. CK3 Holdings Do building bonuses stack? CK3. As the release date draws nearer and. Based on this, it is best to focus on upgrading building s in holdings where. Character types available for the player: Nobles: Manage Castles. Then this is IF holding culture same as holder culture AND this culture has Corp Rotation… trigger_else = {OR = {scope:holder. Hunting towers. So holding the wrong holding type is almost never worth it. An optional event will take place inside a Royal Court every 24-32 months, indicated by an icon above the involved characters. . So this game is more about growing wide than tall. There are some country's with city/temple holdings as capital, the ruler with their primary title as these country become republic and theoretical ruler, however they can still hold castles. Mastur Ch33f Sep 19, 2020 @ 1:42am. Men-at-arms says "not stationed in any holding.